The carbonized botanical remains indicate that sea club-rush, nuts (including almonds and pistachio), and pulses (including lentils and vetches) were the most intensively exploited plant resources. lt is noteworthy that large-seeded grasses are conspicuously absent from the plant remains found at the site. This is consistent with the virtual absence of sickle blades in the chipped stone tool assemblage. Thus, at Hallan Cemi we clearly have an early sedentary society that was not dependent on cereal grass exploitation. The significance of this point lies in the fact that cereal grass exploitation has often been theorized to play a central role in precipitating the shift from mobile hunting-gathering economies to ones based on sedentary life-ways and food production. 